![]() genodive is available for computers running Mac OS X 10.7 or higher and can be downloaded freely from. In addition, genodive makes it possible to run several external programs ( lfmm, structure, instruct and vegan) directly from its own user interface, avoiding the need for data reformatting and use of the command line. A unique feature of genodive is that it can also open data sets with nongenetic variables, for example environmental data or geographical coordinates that can be included in the analysis. The different types of analyses offered by genodive include multiple statistics for estimating population differentiation ( φ ST, F ST, Fʹ ST, G ST, Gʹ ST, Gʹʹ ST, D est, R ST, ρ), analysis of molecular variance-based K-means clustering, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, hybrid index, population assignment, clone assignment, Mantel test, Spatial Autocorrelation, 23 ways of calculating genetic distances, and both principal components and principal coordinates analyses. One major feature of genodive is that it supports both diploid and polyploid data, up to octaploidy (2 n = 8 x) for some analyses, but up to hexadecaploidy (2 n = 16 x) for other analyses. Furthermore, genodive seamlessly supports 15 different file formats for importing or exporting data from or to other programs. genodive has an intuitive graphical user interface that allows direct manipulation of the data through transformation, imputation of missing data, and exclusion and inclusion of individuals, population and/or loci. This version presents a major update from the previous version and now offers a wide spectrum of different types of analyses. The diverse effects of imprinted genes on the development of white adipose tissue (WAT) have so far defied a unifying hypothesis in terms of the kinship theory.Genodive version 3.0 is a user-friendly program for the analysis of population genetic data. The phenotypes of reciprocal heterozygotes for Gnas knockouts provide provisional support for this hypothesis, as does some evidence from other imprinted genes (albeit more tentatively). The kinship theory predicts that maternally expressed transcripts will favor higher levels of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of animals that huddle for warmth as offspring. In genodive version 3.0 this threshold can be selected visu-ally in the GUI with direct feedback about the number of resulting clones. The principal effects of imprinted genes in the callipyge and Gnas clusters appear to involve lipid and energy metabolism. selecting a threshold in a histogram of among-individual genetic dis - tances. However, the clusters also contain imprinted genes whose phenotypes as yet remain unexplained by the theory. This is consistent with predictions of the kinship theory. The clusters associated with Igf2 and Igf2r both contain paternally expressed transcripts that act as enhancers of prenatal growth and maternally expressed transcripts that act as inhibitors of prenatal growth. This review considers the strength of evidence in support of this hypothesis for imprinted genes in four "clusters," associated with the imprinted loci Igf2, Igf2r, callipyge, and Gnas. Therefore, natural selection favors different levels of expression depending on an allele's sex-of-origin in the previous generation. The kinship theory of genomic imprinting proposes that parent-specific gene expression evolves at a locus because a gene's level of expression in one individual has fitness effects on other individuals who have different probabilities of carrying the maternal and paternal alleles of the individual in which the gene is expressed.
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